I wanted to try a slightly different format. So here’s a take on a song based Jazz Guitar Lesson: Analyze the chords and then talk about what concepts I use when improvising on it: Target notes, Arpeggios and pentatonic scales in jazz context.
All of this coming out of my own playing on Lady Bird (Tadd Dameron)/Half Nelson(Miles Davis).
The turnaround of this song is also a great way to work towards improvising over giant steps progressions.
What do you think about this new format? What would you like to see 🙂
Old recording of me playing Half Nelson:
If you want to jam on the song yourself you can use my backing track here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cxMEXZbN5s&index=16&list=PLWYuNvZPqqcEKZdvb3Q2iKIMqiEVJFqcM
Chromatic passing notes and chromatic enclosures has been a part of jazz vocabulary since Bebop. For many people Chromatic passing notes are a big part of the sound of a jazz solo.
In this video I am going to show you how it isn’t that difficult to combine arppegios with a chromatic enclosure and make some great sounding lines. I have 5 examples each with a different type of chromatic enclosure in the line.
The Chromatic enclosures
All the examples are in the key of C major, and using a II V I in Cmajor. The first thing I want to go over is the different enclosures.
In example 1 they are written out all targeting the note G.
The 1st enclosure is a personal favourite that I use quite often. You will also find it in Pat Martino and Charlie Parker lines quite regularly. The construction is to start a half step below and then via a whole step above encircling the target note.
In the 2nd enclosure the melody is simply approaching from a whole step below and the a whole step above.
The 3rd example is skipping from A to F and then chromatically moving aroung the G from F# to Ab.
The 4th example is the same as example 3, but the direction is turned around so from F to A and then Ab to F# before it resolves to G.
In the 5th enclosure the melody is first descending towards G from A to Ab and then approaching from below F to F#.
Using Enclosures in a solo
The way you use this in a line is that you take a chord tone and decide that you want to target this note with the enclosure. Then you can insert the enclosure before that note. This means that you have either a way of suspending the sound of the chord or a way to target a note in the next chord. Since you are using the chromatic enclosure the melody you play to lead towards that note will have a lot of direction.
Example of a line with chromatic enclosure no 1
In the example below I am using the first enclosure from example 1. In this example I am using it to delay the F on the Dm7, so the F is the target note and does not appear before beat 3. On the G7 I am using another 3 note enclosure to target the 3rd(B) of G7. From the B the rest of the G7 line is a dim arpeggio. When the line resolves to C it continues with a small fragment of the Em pentatonic scale.
Example of a line with chromatic enclosure no 2
The line on the Dm7 starts with a 1 2 3 5 melody on the Dm before it goes into the enclosure. In this case the enclosure is targeting the 5th(D) of G which it resolves to on the first beat of bar 1. The rest of the line is simply using the G7 and the B dim arpeggios before it resolves to the 3rd(E) of CMaj7. On the Cmaj7 it is tagged with a small chromatic run from the 9th to the maj7.
Example of a line with chromatic enclosure no 3
Targeting the 3rd of a chord is always a strong choice. The 3rd example is doing this. The melody hits the targeted note F on beat 3 of the first bar. From there it descends down the scale to the 2nd bar. In the 2nd bar the first 2 beats are encircling the 5th of G7. From the 5th it descends the B dim arpeggio before it resolves to the thf of Cmaj7. The line on the Cmaj7 is a Em7 shell voicing as arpeggio.
Example of a line with chromatic enclosure no 4
Arpeggios with chromatic leading notes are an essential thing to have in your bebop vocabulary. In the 4th example I start with a Dm7 arpeggio with a C# leading into the Dm7 arpeggio. The arpeggio is then played as an 8th note triplet targeting the 7th(C) on beat three. From here it continues with the enclosure targeting the 5th(D) of G7. On the G7 the line makes a small scale run. From there it uses another enclosure to resolve to the 5th(G) of Cmaj7.
Example of a line with chromatic enclosure no 5
The enclosure in line no 5 is immediately used to delay (and target) the 3rd of Dm7. From there it continues with a Dm triad melody. On the G7 the melody is constructed from the B dim arpeggio and then via an enclosure to resolve to the 3rd(E) of Cmaj7.
Get started with the chromatic sound
Using the examples above you can start working on using the chromatic enclosures to enrich the sound of your lines. These enclosures go a bit further in sounding almost outside, but since you target chord tones you always find your way back home.
If you have any questions, comments or suggestions for topics or how I can make the lessons better then please let me know. Leave a comment on the video or send me an e-mail. That is the best way for me to improve my lessons and make them fit what you are searching for.
One of the best ways to approach soloing over changing harmony and to have melody lines that flow naturally from one chord to the next is to use target notes. In this lesson I am going to go over how you can use target notes when you are improvising over a II V I in the key of C major.
Using target notes in your solos is to choose a note in advance and then try to play a melody towards that note. This way of constructing lines is very useful because if you have that in your system you will always play melodies that are moving towards something and not sound like you are trying out how notes sound or that melodies are moving at random. By choosing target notes that are related to the chords it is also a very powerful way to really spell out the chords.
The first thing I will go over is the II V I progression and the scale and arpeggios we need to make lines and find the target notes. Then I will go over 3 examples on how to make lines using target notes.
The Chords, The Key and the Target notes
The examples in this lesson will all be on a II V I in the key of C major as shown in example 1.
The II V I is of course a progression in the key of C major and all the chords are diatonic to C major, so it makes sense to connect this progression to a C major scale:
Since we are trying to set some target notes that will help us clearly spell out the harmony in the solos it is best to start with the notes of the chord, which are of course the arpeggios. For each of the chords we can play the arpeggio in this position as shown in example 3:
You should notice that I chose not to start each arpeggio on the root, but try to keep the arpeggios in the same range. In this case that means that the G7 arpeggio has a D as a lowest note.
Choosing Target Notes
For the examples in this lesson we are going to use target notes that we play on beat one of each bar. This is when the chord changes and also a heavy beat that makes it easy to really convey the sound of the new chord.
To choose target notes for the progression we have to take into consideration what notes are more important for the color of the chord and what these notes will imply. In general the root note is not too strong as we are playing a melody that is supposed to yield a chord sound on top of a root note, therefore I have left out the root as target for the whole progression.
The 7th on the Dm7 is a C which is the root of the key, and a melody with that will easily start to sound like a I V I progression instead of a II V I progression, so I left that out. This leaves us with the 3rd and the 5th on Dm7.
On the G7 the 7th is a really strong part of the sound so here we can target that note as wel as the 3rd and 5th note.
On the tonic (Cmaj7) the 3rd and the 5th are good options, the 7th can easily sound like you don’t resolve at all which can be fine and could be one of the first extensions you should add later but for now I will stick with the 3rd and 5th.
I realize that most people learn that in jazz the sound of the chord is contained in the 3rd and the 7th, but this is actually more the case when playing chords. It is not as strong when playing melodies, here the 5th is a more stable and clear choice.
One very good strategy when starting out is to play towards a target note that was not a chord tone in the previous chord. In that way you can play towards a note that will clearly spell out the chord change. In the examples I do this using the 3rd(B) on G7 which is not a chord tone in Dm7.
If you get used to playing with these target notes you get good at playing very clear lines that are well connected to the harmony and you can start to check out using extensions and alterations as target notes to really bring out the sound of that note in this context.
Making lines with Target notes
In example one the target notes I used over the chords are the 5th over Dm7, and the 3rd over G7 and Cmaj7.
In some ways it is hard to really call the first note on the Dm7 a target note since there is no line played towards it.
The first part of the Dm7 line is an F major triad played in a sequence. From the high F on be three the line descends down the scale to resolve to the 3rd(B) of the G7. On the G7 it starts with a B dim triad and then makes a small scale run via the 9th to resolve the 3rd(E) of C.
When making the lines it is important to have a clear direction to the target note and in the beginning it is also useful to move to the target note in a stepwise manner, as I do when moving from C to B (Dm7-G7).
The 2nd example is starting with a Dm7 arpeggio inversion over the Dm7 and then a descending Am pentatonic scale run. The C and the A nicely encircle the 3rd of G7 which is the target of the G7. The G7 line could be seen as a melody made with a G7 arpeggio with an added diatonic passing note E (on the 2&). The 2nd half of the bar is used to encircle and point towards the E that it resolves to on the Cmaj7.
line no 2
In the final example I am starting with a line that is beginning as a Dm7 arpeggio excerpt and then continuing as a descending scale run. It resolves to the D target note on G7. The G 7 line is first a G major triad and then a small scale pattern from F that resolves to the 5th(G) on C.
Line no 3
How to practice using target notes
The target note approach is a very strong principle when composing and later improvising lines. It is also something you can train first by playing rubato, for example slowly making lines from Dm7 to a target note on G7. Then try to compose (or improvise in rubato) on the whole II V I before moving to a slow tempo and by that time you already should have it in your system for the most part.
Taking the Target note strategy further
If you want to check out some more material on Turnarounds and target notes then you can also check out this webstore lesson where I am using that approach on the Rhythm Changes.
If you have any questions, comments or suggestions for topics or how I can make the lessons better then please feel free to leave on the video or send me an e-mail. That is the best way for me to improve my lessons and make thme fit what you want to hear.
In this lesson I want to talk about the I VI II V turnaround and what you can play over it and how you can practice it. The lesson will give you some exercises and suggestions to make strong melodiclines using diatonic arpeggios and target notes.
The Turnaround
Turnarounds are progressions that are used a lot in standards like Rhythm Changes and Ain’t Misbehavin, The Touch of Your Lips and so on. For that reason alone it’s well worth checking out.
I am going to start a series of lessons on different variations of turnarounds which should include a good portion of most sorts of jazz harmony. It should take us from standard turnarounds and gradually closer to John Coltranes Giant Steps cycle, which can be seen as derived from turnarounds too.
Because turnarounds are so common they are also a good place to start when practicing playing over faster moving changes. By faster moving changes I mean 2 chords per bar which is something that already in medium tempos can be hard to navigate in a musical way, and play something that makes sense melodically. If you have 2 chords per bar and improvise in 8th notes then you have to make a melody with 4 notes from one chord and 4 from the next, this can be quite tricky at times.
In this lesson I am going to work on a turnaround in Bb major. Which is this chord progression:
I am in this lesson using Harmonic minor on the dominant 7th chords. This is something you can also check out in this lesson: Harmonic Minor Dominant Lines
So in this lesson we have these scales:
For the Bbmaj7 and Cm7 chords:
Since G7(b9) is a dominant resolving to Cm7 it is best to consider it an auxiliary dominant and use C harmonic minor:
And for the variation I chose to do consider the F7(b9) a chord that is borrowed from Bb minor and use Bb harmonic minor over that too.
Raw materials for lines
The main part of the lines I make on a progression like this are made up of the arpeggios of the chord and the arpeggios found on the 3rd of the chord, so for BbMaj, I have that arpeggio and the arpeggio from D which is a Dm7 arpeggio. I use other things too but these two are probably the most important to know, and the you can of course use them in inversions and as shell voicings and triads too, as you’ll notice in my examples.
So now we have two arpeggios and a scale for each chord in the turnaround and can begin to start practicing lines on it.
Practicing and composing lines on the I VI II V
When you first try to make lines on the progression you probably need to be concerned with two things: Have clear target notes so that when you play that note on the 1 or the 3 you can hear the chord change clearly, and you need to approach it in a way where you practice playing towards the target note. Playing towards the target note is going to make the flow of your lines much moe logical and will help you make stronger lines whenever you improvise.
To give you some examples of how I might compose lines on this turnaround I wrote this small exercise:
You’ll notice that I am trying to just use basic ideas and movements and keep it quite simple, mostly because it is better to stick to the basics when starting to work on a progression like this. We can always add the fireworks later.
The first bar is using first the Bb triad and then the B dim arpeggio over the Bbmaj7 and G7(b9). In the second bar the lines is first a bit of the Cm7 arpeggio and then chromatically leading up to the 3rd(A) of F7. In bar 3 the Bbmaj line is a descending “Coltrane pattern” or Bb major pentatonic scale, depending on what you prefer calling that. On the G7 the line is again the B dim, but this time ascending. The Cm7 is a scale fragment from the C minor pentatonic scale followed by an inversion of a F7(#5) arpeggio.
The 5th and 6th bar are not using the same target note strategy to make the melody, but instead using arpeggios and voice leading to creat a coherent line. The first part on the BbMaj7 chord is a Dm7 arpeggio which is then altered to a Bdim inversion over the G7 by introducing an Ab and a B. Over the Cm7 the whole thing shifts up to an Eb Maj7 arpeggio which continues up to a C dim triad over the F7. Over the final turnaround the Bbmaj7 line is again a Dm7 arpeggio but this time in a pattern. The line on the G7 is a descending scale fragment from the C harmonic minor scale. The line continues through a descending Ebmaj7 arpeggio in inversion which then is encircling the A of an A dim inversion over the F7. This arpeggio resolves to a D.
I hope you can use the material and the strategies to become more at home over changes like this turnaround. I will make a few different lessons on different sorts of turnarounds which should help categorizing the progression and splitting songs up in bigger parts so that they are both easier to play and easier to remember.
As always you can download a PDF of the examples here for later study:
If you have any questions or comments then feel free to leave them here or on the video. Please subscribe to my YouTube channel and feel free to connect with me via Facebook, Instagram, Google+ or Twitter to keep up to date with new lessons, concerts and releases.
A target note is a note that you play in your improvisation when the chord is changing so that the change in the harmony is clear in the melody that you’re improvising. So it’s a way to link your solo to the harmony under it, because you play harmonically clear notes on strong beats of the bar.
Another important aspect of this approach is that It will help having a natural flow in your solo because you are thinking ahead of the harmony and playing towards something instead of trying to keep up with it after it has changed, which is a more important part of playing over changes than a lot of people think.
I’ll demonstrate this on a turnaround with altered dominants, because it is easy to make it clear, but it will of course work on all progressions.
Here’s the turnaround:
I’ll just quickly demonstrate the scales I’ll use:
Important priorities:
It has to be an important note in the chord, but try to avoid the root. Color of the chord is important so 3rd, 5th and on an altered dominant for example the b5 will be clear.
Pick a note that was not in the previous chord and maybe not even in the previous scale, that simply makes it very clear.
If we compare the scale on the Fmaj7 to the D altered scale we’ll find that three notes are in D7alt and NOT in F Major: Eb F# Ab, so they would be good candidates for clear target notes.
In a similar way we can come up with this set of target notes for the turnaround:
You’ll notice that since the root for several reasons does not work to well as a target note we are free to have D as a target note on the Gm7.
Playing towards a target note
The way to improvise or compose lines within this approach is to always compose a line that moves to the next target note. So here are a few examples of moving from one note to the next. The strongest melody across the barline is a step wise movement so a whole or half step.
And here is a more realistic example where I play twice through the turnaround with the target notes I chose in the beginning.
I hope that you liked the lesson. If you have any questions or comments then feel free to leave them here or on the video. Please subscribe to my YouTube channel and feel free to connect with me via Facebook, Google+ or Twitter to keep up to date with new lessons, concerts and releases.
This is a subject that is often a struggle to master for beginning jazz players so I figured I’d write one approach that I use when learning tunes and also that I teach to students who wish to learn jazz. The method is fairly simple, but still requires a bit of preparation technically and theoretically. My blogs are written for guitarists with tabs as well as notation, but essentially it works for all instruments of course.
The goal is to become able to make melodies over chord changes so that it is clear when the harmony moves from one chord to the next. This is obviously not the only way to do this, but just a simple approach that is easy to do on a few chords and fairly easy to move to simple songs.
The Arpeggios
As an example I’ve taken a II V I in Bb, I assume you are familiar with what that is. Since we are trying to practice making coherent melodies in 8th notes over these chords I’ve chosen the following arpeggio fingerings:
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It is important that in the arpeggios are in the same range and pretty much the same position on the neck, that helps getting more freedom while improvising. I found it to be more important than starting on the root. There are many ways to construct fingerings for arpeggios, and I leave that up to you for other examples. You need to know the fretboard and you need to know what notes are in the chords you play on to do this.
Target notes
I was taught by Bjarne Roupé, who I studied with in Copenhagen, that constructing lines that point forward to a target note in the next chord is a good way to build logical sounding 8th note lines. I think Hal Galper has written articles and books on the subject.
In the beginning it is handy to aim for notes that are not in the previous chord so that if you play that note on the 1 of the bar you really hear a new harmony introduced. This is a restriction you can leave out quite quickly though.
For my II V I in Bb we can just take the 3rd of each chord:
In voice-leading you learn that the 3rd moves to the 7th, but in this case that would give you the same note on the Cm7 and the F7 and that is less clear than introducing the A on the Cm7. In general you can use other notes. Melodically the 3rd and the 5th are very strong and clear.
So here are a few examples using the 3rds as targets:
The type of lines you end up with in the beginning will (like my examples) very much be moving through the II V I and then stop which is a very predictable movement, but for learning the harmony it is in part a necessary step. This procedure is not so difficult to move to a simple song like Tune Up, Take The A-train or Blue Bossa. And once you’re familiar with how it works on a cadence like the II V I it is easier to free up the rhythm and amount of notes per bar for more musical lines.
Here’s a final audio example of a solo only using arpeggio notes, but freed up a bit when it comes to target notes and rhythm:
